01 - Preheat oven to 375°F. Lightly grease a 9x13-inch baking dish with cooking spray or a small amount of oil.
02 - Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add pasta and cook for 2 minutes less than package directions for al dente texture. Drain well and set aside.
03 - In a large skillet, heat olive oil over medium heat. Add diced onions and cook for 3 minutes until translucent. Add minced garlic and cook for 1 minute until fragrant.
04 - Add ground beef to the skillet. Cook until browned, breaking apart with a wooden spoon, for approximately 5–6 minutes. Drain excess fat if needed.
05 - Stir in chopped cabbage. Sauté until the cabbage is softened and wilted, about 5–7 minutes.
06 - Add crushed tomatoes, tomato sauce, tomato paste, dried oregano, dried basil, smoked paprika, and sugar if using. Stir well to combine. Simmer for 10 minutes to allow flavors to meld. Season generously with salt and pepper to taste.
07 - In a large bowl, combine cooked pasta, beef-cabbage mixture, and half of the shredded mozzarella cheese. Mix gently until evenly distributed.
08 - Transfer the mixture to the prepared baking dish, spreading evenly. Top with remaining mozzarella cheese and all of the grated Parmesan cheese.
09 - Cover the baking dish with aluminum foil. Bake for 20 minutes to heat through.
10 - Remove foil and bake for an additional 10 minutes, or until cheese is bubbly and golden brown on top.
11 - Let the dish rest for 5 minutes before serving to allow the flavors to settle and make serving easier.